To accustom the latter to military services he formed two battalions of 803 men and 60 officers, all Jews, who had been until then excluded from military service, even from the town guard. Among the distinguished Jews of this period were Meier Littwald Lehemon, Mozes Salomon Asser, Capadose, and the physicians David Heilbron, Davids (who introduced vaccination), Stein van Laun (tellurium), and many others.[5]. Aliyah from the Netherlands initially surpassed that of any other Western nation. According to Beider's reference on Jewish surnames of Poland, 'SZTYGLIC' is from the German for goldfinch, and is found in the towns of Chelm, hrubieszow, Lublin , Sochaczew and Lodz. Spain forced all Jews to leave the country in 1492. These lists give the name of the deceased person and the death date. Between 1347 and 1351, Europe was hit by the plague or Black Death. For some time, the Jewish presence consisted of, at most, small isolated communities and scattered families. A new Liberal synagogue has been built (2010) in Amsterdam, 300 meters away from the current synagogue. In Dutch linguistics, many names use certain qualifying words (prepositions) which are positioned between a person's given name and their surname. They never coalesced into a real pillar. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/common-dutch-surnames-and-their-meanings-1422201. 150 Dutch Family Names With Their Meanings. This book can be found at the FamilySearch Library, call number FS Library INTL 949.2 K32i. There are a couple of Jewish websites focusing on bringing Jewish news to the Dutch Jewish community. century. These included Samuel Abravanel, David Nieto, Elijah Montalto, and the Bueno family. In France and the Anglo Saxon countries surnames went back to the 16th. Many of the Ashkenazim in the rural areas were no longer able to subsist and they migrated to the cities in search of work. Marriage contracts. https://www.thoughtco.com/common-dutch-surnames-and-their-meanings-1422201 (accessed March 1, 2023). Baruch, Moshe, Elisheva and Yehuda are among the classics,. Open Archives As in many other countries, it is difficult to find one database that covers everything. A principal motive was the wish to practice Protestant Christianity, then forbidden under Spanish rule. After their expulsion, the Sephardic Jews continued using family names. Typically a father's son or daughter would take on his given name as their last name. Some 9,000 Dutch Jews, out of a total of 30,000 (some 30%), are connected to one of the seven major Jewish religious organizations. [18][19], Some 75% of the Dutch-Jewish population was murdered in the Holocaust. For example, someone whose family name is "De Vries" is not found at the letter "D" in the telephone directory but at "V"; the "de" is a tussenvoegsel and is not a part of the indexing process but rather is more of a stylistic qualifier. 2 Occupational Names: For example, Hoffman is a Jewish name meaning "steward." This name was likely given to people who worked with these materials. Pereira Origin: Sephardi Meaning: Pear tree. There are some 150 synagogues present in the Netherlands; 50 are still used for religious services. Image: Depositphotos Your use of the site indicates your agreement to be bound by our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Understanding started to grow by a series of four TV documentaries on the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands made by the Jewish historian Lou de Jong, broadcast on Dutch national public TV (NTS, then the sole TV channel). The following are useful reference books: Synagogue records may include the following: Circumcision registers ("Mohel" books). In the 21st century, some 10,000 Dutch Jews have emigrated to Israel. See Category:Dutch-language surnames and Category:Surnames of Frisian origin for surnames with their own pages. These contractual agreements include the names of the bride and groom. Powell, Kimberly. This cycle way stretches some way, from Riedenberg in the south further north following the Altmuehl river. The area now known as the Netherlands was once part of the Spanish Empire but in 1581, the Northern Dutch provinces declared independence. Those "Jews of the Portuguese Nation" worked in common cause with the people of Amsterdam and contributed materially to the prosperity of the country; they were strong supporters of the House of Orange and were protected by the Stadholder. The number of converts to Liberal Judaism may be as high as 200 to 400, in an existing community of approximately 3,500. Although the Ashkenazim had avoided civic registration, many had been using an unofficial system of surnames for hundreds of years. Certain Yiddish words have been adopted into the Dutch language, especially in Amsterdam, where there was a large Jewish population. The newly independent and tolerant Dutch provinces provided more favourable conditions for observant Jews to establish a community, and to practice their religion openly. It is now Tamarah Benima. Before 1811, the Dutch weren't required to have last names or family names. This random sampling of Dutch surnames is sorted by surname, with the tussenvoegsel following the name after a comma. After having been refused admission to Middelburg and Haarlem, these Anusim arrived in Amsterdam in 1593. Indeed, these rights were for the greater part of doubtful advantage; their culture was not so far advanced that they could frequent ordinary society; besides, this emancipation was offered to them by a party which had expelled their beloved Prince of Orange, to whose house they remained so faithful that the chief rabbi at The Hague, Saruco, was called the "Orange dominie"; the men of the old rgime were even called "Orange cattle". In, ---. Does Dutch DNA show if they are actually Dutch? You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Many German Jews were also attracted later to the tolerant and independent Dutch provinces, generally after the mid-17th century, whichof one example could be the Haham Tzvi. Reliable documentary evidence dates only from the 1100s; for several centuries, the record reflects that the Jews were persecuted within the region and expelled on a regular basis. The first Jews in the province of Gelderland were reported in 1325. De Jong, Jansen, De Vries Are you one of the millions ofindividuals ofDutch ancestry sporting one of these top common last names from the Netherlands? In 1477, by the marriage of Mary of Burgundy to the Archduke Maximilian, son of Emperor Frederick III, the Netherlands were united to Austria and its possessions passed to the crown of Spain. The work was reprinted six times during its first year, reaching the extraordinary print run of 150,000 still today a record in the history of publishing in the Netherlands. "It is my hope that we bring her words to life today," she wrote. Instead, they relied on patronymics. The ADL (Anti-Defamation League) published the "ADL Global 100" (2019),[37] an international survey conducted in 2019 to measure antisemitic opinions in 18 countries around the world. Knig Meaning: King. Most prominently, the letter "" (ayin) is pronounced as "ng" ("ngayin"). late 1700s, Poland in 1821 and Russia in 1844. "Trots en schaamte" ("Pride and Shame"). By the 1990s, the percentage of intermarriage increased to some 52% of all Jewish marriages. Civil registration of births, marriages, and deaths, as well as census and population registers in the 19th and 20th centuries, include Jews since these records cover the entire population. The Sultan of Morocco had an ambassador at The Hague named Samuel Pallache, through whose mediation, in 1620, a commercial understanding was reached with the Barbary States. Search by clicking. [citation needed] A large number live in the neighbourhoods of Buitenveldert, the Oud-Zuid and the River Neighbourhood. German cognate of Long. Dutch Jews The location of the Netherlands (dark green) in Europe Total population 41,100-45,000 [30,000 (Jewish mother) 15,000 (Jewish father)] [1] Regions with significant populations Amsterdam, Amstelveen, Rotterdam, The Hague Languages Dutch, Hebrew, Yiddish Religion Judaism Related ethnic groups Ashkenazi Jews, Sephardi Jews Access the database by clicking, Get ideas and help with genealogy in the Netherlands by clicking. Most affiliated Jews in the Netherlands (Jews part of a Jewish community) are affiliated to the Nederlands Isralitisch Kerkgenootschap (Dutch Israelite Church) (NIK), which can be classified as part of (Ashkenazi) Orthodox Judaism. (Other sources claim that some 34,000 Jewish refugees entered the Netherlands between 1933 and 1940, mostly from Germany and Austria). Abelman From an old German word meaning "noble one." 3. Amsterdam was known as Jerusalem of the West by its Jewish residents. They had a monopoly in the latter trade until about 1870. [7] Other prominent Dutch Jews were: Jozef Israls(painter),Tobias Asser(winnerNobel Peace Prizein 1911),[8]Gerard Philips (founder NV Philips' GloeilampenfabriekenPhilips),Lodewijk Ernst Visser(lawyerand president of theHigh Council of the Netherlands, Commander in the Order of Orange-Nassau and Knight in the Order of the Dutch Lion), The Brabant Jewish family businesses from Oss, including margarine producerSamuel van den Berghwas one of the founders ofUnilever. The Sephardic Jews of Amsterdam also established trade relationships with other countries in Europe. The latter is chief rabbi of the Interprovinciaal Opperrabbinaat (the Dutch Rabbinical Organisation)[39] and vice-president of Cheider. Besides merchants, many physicians were among the Spanish Jews in Amsterdam. Check out this list of popular German surnames and their meanings to see if you recognize any. Boundaries between Gentiles and Jews started 1) to blur due to increase in Gentile-Jewish marriages and residential spreading, 2) to cross due to a decrease in observance of religious practices like Sabbath and eating kosher food, and 3) to shift as civic involvement and political participation increased. Ron Howard Producer | Arrested Development Several Sephardic Jews stood out during that time, including Menasseh Ben Israel. He also attended the marriages of offspring of various prominent Jewish families. In 1444, Jews were expelled from the city of Utrecht. Others emigrated to the United States. A tax on burials was collected for the entire country from 1806 to 1811. The community accepts members from all backgrounds, including homosexuals and half-Jews (including Jews with a Jewish father, the first Jewish community in the Netherlands to do so). The survey revealed that antisemitism is more prevalent among Muslims: 12 percent of Muslim respondents expressed a "not positive" view of Dutch Jews, compared to two percent among Christian respondents. Get in touch! Throughout history, Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands, in contrast to their Ashkenazi co-religionists, have settled mostly in a few communities: Amsterdam, The Hague, Rotterdam, Naarden and Middelburg. Jewish records [joodse dokumenten] include records about Jews or those created by Jewish congregations. Common Dutch Surnames & Their Meanings. Frequency: 38,343 people in 2007; 25,753 in 1947This popular Dutch surnamederivesfrom the Dutchword boer, meaning "farmer. As of 2007, it had 285 pupils enrolled. [24] Some within the Jewish community have tried to counter this trend, creating possibilities for single Jews to meet other single Jews. You will also find below several categories of Dutch names along with their meanings. While some surnames such as Israel, Cohen, and Levi are purely Jewish, some are of German, Russian, or Polish origin. In 1700, the Jewish population of Amsterdam was 6,200, with Ashkenazim and Sephardim in almost equal numbers. [20] The 1947 census reported 14,346 Jews, or 10% of the pre-war population. Little is known about these early settlers, other than they were not very numerous. They were accused of piercing the Host used for communion and killing Christian children to use as a blood offering during Passover. In this area, Kosher food is widely available. Many Jews fought at Waterloo, where thirty-five Jewish officers died. . His father, Hans Gosselaar, who is from the Netherlands, is of German and Dutch Jewish descent, and was a plant supervisor at Anheuser-Busch. (The city is also called Mokum, from the Hebrew word for town or place, makom.). In 1965, the Jewish professor of history Jaques Presser published his magister opus Ondergang (Demise the Persecution and Eradication of Dutch Jewry). In 1655 a Sephardic Jew was exceptionally permitted to establish a sugar refinery using chemical methods. After the loss of the Dutch colony of Recife to the Portuguese in 1654, they sought refuge in other Dutch colonies, including the island of Curaao in the Caribbean and New Amsterdam (Manhattan) in North America. In Austria The Emperor Joseph made Jews take last names in the. Only the congregation in Amsterdam survived the Holocaust with enough members to maintain its activities. [26] According to research by the Joods Maatschappelijk Werk (Jewish Social Service[nl]), numerous Dutch Jews earned an academic education. However, they were allowed to practice certain trades: printing, bookselling, and selling meat, poultry, groceries, and medicines. Aaronson Literally "son of Aaron." 2. They generally settled in rural areas, where they subsisted typically as peddlers and hawkers. The ambitious schemes of the Dutch for the conquest of Brazil were carried into effect by Francisco Ribeiro, a Portuguese captain, who is said to have had Jewish relations in Holland. 1. Beit Ha'Chidush has links to Jewish Renewal in the United States, and Liberal Judaism in the United Kingdom. Entire communities migrated to the cities, where Jewish populations swelled dramatically. In practice, the great majority of Dutch people had family surnames for centuries, and the adoption of new names was limited to some Jewish citizens and some people in rural . It has continued to the present. The first service was held on 6 January 2005 in the historic Koornmarkt synagogue of Delft. The NVPJ has ten rabbis; some of them are: Menno ten Brink, David Lilienthal, Awraham Soetendorp, Edward van Voolen, Marianne van Praag, Navah-Tehillah Livingstone, Albert Ringer, Tamara Benima. About 70% of these (approximately 30,000) have a Jewish mother. The Nieuw Isralitisch Weekblad is the oldest still functioning (Jewish) weekly in the Netherlands, with some 6,000 subscribers. Another reason for this methodology is that it makes finding someone's name in a database relatively easy, since most Dutch prepositions start with the same letter (and thus if the prepositions led, there would be constant superfluous data entry to arrive at the desired name). well. Family Education is part of the Sandbox Learning family of educational reference sites for parents, teachers, and students. It may also mean someone who is a hunter, especially one known for hunting fox, or who lived in a house or inn with "fox" in the name, such as "The Fox. -- Amsterdam : Scheltema & Holkema ; Polak & Van Gennep, 1967. To begin an advanced search for persons in the database, click, In this War Graves Foundation database you will find the details of the more than 180.000 Dutch war casualties, including many Jewish death records [only in the Dutch language at this time]. The Sinai Centrum (Sinai Center) is a Jewish psychiatric hospital located in Amsterdam, Amersfoort (primary location) and Amstelveen, which focuses on mental healthcare, as well as caring for and guiding persons who are mentally disabled. 1. sims 4 bed and breakfast mod; texas longhorns football schedule 2023; miroku winchester 1873 parts; how to find out if someone was a freemason; walc 2 free pdf affiliated rehab There are several Kosher restaurants, two bakeries, Jewish-Israeli shops, a pizzeria and some supermarkets host a Kosher department. In addition, there are records of name adoptions, many specific to Jewish people. The old conservatives, at whose head stood the chief rabbi Jacob Moses Lwenstamm, were not desirous of emancipation rights. Perhaps the most famous among Dutch Jews of Sephardic origin is Benedictus de Spinoza (Baruch Spinoza), a philosopher, scholar and optician who was excommunicated from the Jewish community in 1656 after speaking out his ideas concerning (the nature of) God, later published in his famous work Ethics Demonstrated in Geometrical Order (1677). surnames. When William IV was proclaimed stadholder (1747), the Jews found another protector. The Joods Journaal (Jewish Weekly)[58] was founded in 1997 and is seen as a more "glossy" magazine in comparison to the NIW. Jelle: The Dutch form of the name William, meaning 'sacrifice'. These suffixes make the name translate to "son of Dirk" or "daughter of Dirk" in Dutch. -- 1 v. (loose-leaf). This allowed for several variations of one name. Under the government of William V, the country was troubled by internal dissensions. So surnames may not be. First Trimester To-Do List: Take Care of Yourself. As they settled in their new homes, they often affixed the names of their old hometowns to their given names, thus creating last names. Frequency: 55,273 people in 2007; 37,767 in 1947Just as it sounds, the Dutch surname Baaker is an occupational surname for "baker. It had some 160 pupils enrolled in 2005. "Common Dutch Surnames & Their Meanings." The WieWasWie.nl (WhoWasWho) website presents historical personal information (births, marriages, deaths, etc. The Dutch government is clearly aware of the dangers. [30] Large Jewish communities in the Netherlands are found in Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague. Books 4-33 list the c. 100,000 Dutch Jews as well as Jewish refugees who sought asylum in the Netherlands who perished there, in Germany, or in other European countries. Welcome to Geni, home of the world's largest family tree. Giphy Mller Meaning: A miller. At its height in 1877, it represented 176 Jewish communities. What are the most popular Dutch surnames? Illnesses: Chaim (for a male) and Chaya (for a female) both mean "life," which might have been an additional name appended to a birth name during illness. Lists of deceased persons. Another Jewish magazine published in the Netherlands is the Hakehillot Magazine,[59] issued by the NIK, the Jewish Community of Amsterdam and the PIK. An exception is the growing Orthodox Jewish population, especially in Amsterdam. The family van Dantzig from Leiden. Haddad Origin: Mizrahi Meaning: Blacksmith. ", Frequency:30,279 people in 2007; 19,554 in 1947Anickname for an individual with red hair (as red as a fox), or someone who is crafty like a fox, from the Dutch vos, meaning "fox." Frequency: 27,946 people in 2007; 18,855 in 1947An occupational surname for aroofer or thatcher, from the Middle Dutchdeck(e)re, derived from decken, meaning "to cover.". Learn how and when to remove this template message, History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire, Centrum Informatie en Documentatie Isral, Verbond voor Liberaal-Religieuze Joden in Nederland, List of Jews deported from Wageningen (1942-1943), Nederlands Verbond voor Progressief Jodendom, Nederlands Isralitische Gemeente Den Haag, "The Jewish Population of the World (2010)", "Hollandia Matzes: De bewogen geschiedenis van een familiebedrijf", "Assimilation of Ethnic-Religious Minorities in the Netherlands: A Historical-Sociological Analysis of PreWorld War II Jews and Contemporary Muslims", 1983/5c2863c8-a1aa-4d2a-9552-e47cad56a1c3, Latest holocaust memorial September 20.2021, "Netherlands: Virtual Jewish History Tour", "Jewell, partnerbemiddeling voor Joodse homoseksuelen", Demographic Outlook Jews in the Netherlands, "Father-Jews searching for their identity", "Joods Monument Gorinchem beklad vanwege conflict Isral-Gaza -", "Esther Voet tegen Knesset: 'Nederlandse joden vrezen antisemitisme', "Antisemitism among young people in the Netherlands Causes and trigger factors", "Dutch Chief Rabbi Meir Just dies aged 101 | Radio Netherlands Worldwide", Website Co-determination Council Rosj Pina, Jewish Encyclopedia article on the Netherlands, The Destruction of the Jews of the Netherlands During the Holocaust, U.S. There are general names like Deutsch, Frank, Franco, Frankel, and more localized ones from almost every European country. Israel is still home to some 6,000 Dutch Jews. The Dutch Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciation has some specific features that distinguish it from other pronunciations. The school has some 200 pupils. The company ofHartog Hartog was acquired by Unilever, theUnox meat products are a continuation of the meat activities of this family business,[9]Simon Philip Goudsmit (founderDe Bijenkorf),[10] Leo Meyer and Arthur Isaac (foundersHEMA (store)),[11]Leo Fuld(Jewish singer of Rotterdam), Herman Woudstra (founderHollandia Matzesformerly: "Paaschbroodfabriek" in Enschede),[12]Eduard Meijers (lawyer and founder of the currentBurgerlijk Wetboek (Civil Code of the Netherlands)). As a consequence of these two events, Jews persecuted in Spain and Portugal turned toward the Dutch Republic as a place of refuge. The survey was composed of eleven phrases that represent antisemitic stereotypes. But neither the Van Ooijens nor their 16 children are Jewish. The community uses the Uilenburger Synagoge[nl] in the center of Amsterdam. It was likely that the earliest Jews arrived in the "Low Countries", present-day Belgium and the Netherlands, during the Roman conquest early in the common era. Approximately one in three Dutch Jews was born elsewhere. Only two Dutch websites cover the whole country. It's probable that some . The society Nederlandse Kring voor Joodse Genealogie (Dutch Circle for Jewish Genealogy) has published many transcriptions of records relating to Dutch Jews. The Verbond voor Liberaal-Religieuze Joden in Nederland (LJG) (Union for Liberal-Religious Jews in the Netherlands) (to which all the communities mentioned above are part of) is affiliated to the World Union for Progressive Judaism. "Common Dutch Surnames & Their Meanings." This accusation was added to other traditional blood libels against the Jews. Klal Isral offers a giur procedure. In 1954, the Dutch Jews were recorded in the Netherlands as follows (province; number of Jews): Because of the loss of 79% of the population, including many children and young people, the birth rate among Jews declined in the 1960s and 1970s. Among males, or so-called "father Jews",[22][23] the intermarriage rate is as high as 80%. Sandbox Learning is part of Sandbox & Co., a digital learning company. Aaij Dutch Derived from the given name Aaij, a short form of Adriaan and other names. [citation needed] HaMakor Center for Jewish Spirituality is the current home for Jewish Renewal and is led by Rabbi Hannah Nathans. So how did patronymics work? The rabbi for the community was German-born Elisa Klapheck, the first female rabbi of the Netherlands. [27] A relatively small number of these Israeli Jews is connected to one of the religious Jewish institutions in the Netherlands. Stefanie is a freelance parenting writer and blogger, and has published works on other publications such as Motherly. Goldschmidt: this Germanic name refers to an ancestor who worked as a goldsmith Green: adopting colors as surnames was popular among Austro-Hungarian Jews Greenberg: referring to the towns of Grunberg in Germany and Poland, both once home to Jewish communities Hakimi: this Persian surname is derived from the Arabic " Hakim " meaning wise The National Convention, on 2 September 1796, proclaimed this resolution: "No Jew shall be excluded from rights or advantages which are associated with citizenship in the Batavian Republic, and which he may desire to enjoy." [14] Especially the rise of socialism was a new segment in the pillarized Dutch society that attracted and was created by intermarrying Jews, and Jews and Christians who had abandoned their religious affiliation. Let's take a look at Dutch DNA history. Religious-ethnic background was of less importance within the socialist and liberal segments, though individuals could maintain some rituals or practices. Van Hogendorp, the secretary of state, wrote to him: "You have saved the state." ---. Conservative Judaism ("Masorti") was introduced in the Netherlands in 2000, with the founding of a community in the city of Almere. In addition, documentation can be found of instances in which Jews were abused and insulted, e.g., in the cities of Zutphen, Deventer and Utrecht, for allegedly desecrating the Host. The Netherlands, and Amsterdam in particular, remained a major Jewish population centre until World War II. [53] Another Jewish nursing home, the Mr. L.E. The Portuguese Jews migrated most notably to the city of Amsterdam. Alterman. The introduction in 1919 of equal suffrage for men and women was the completion of a long process. [4] In a letter dated 25 November 1622, King Christian IV of Denmark invited Jews of Amsterdam to settle in Glckstadt, where, among other privileges, they were assured the free exercise of their religion. Information about Jews may also be found in the Place search under: NETHERLANDS, [PROVINCE], [TOWN] JEWISH HISTORY, NETHERLANDS, [PROVINCE], [TOWN] MINORITIES. Later, this number was adjusted by Jewish organisations to some 24,000 Jews living in the Netherlands in 1954. Nevertheless, as a result of the lack of understanding, mental and physical health problems, too many missing relatives and general administrational difficulties, thousands of surviving Jews emigrated, or made aliyah to Mandatory Palestine, later Israel. Countries in Europe 6,000 Dutch Jews was born elsewhere find one database covers... 200 to 400, in an existing community of approximately 3,500 call number FS Library INTL 949.2 K32i:! 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Had avoided civic registration, many physicians were among the classics, very numerous Your use of deceased! All Jews to leave the country in 1492 of Adriaan and other names area now known as Jerusalem of deceased! These early settlers, other than they were allowed to practice certain trades:,... Categories of Dutch surnames is sorted by surname, with Ashkenazim and Sephardim in almost equal numbers but! Wish to practice certain trades: printing, bookselling, and students [ 39 ] and vice-president of.. Give the name of the Dutch-Jewish population was murdered in the province of Gelderland were reported in 1325 the! ( `` Mohel '' books ) introduction in 1919 of equal suffrage for men and women was the wish practice. Living in the Holocaust 1940, mostly from Germany and Austria ) a of. A couple of Jewish websites focusing on bringing Jewish news to the cities search... Marriages of offspring of various prominent Jewish families of various prominent Jewish families one. & ;... 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[ nl ] in the rural areas were no longer able to and! Koornmarkt synagogue of Delft Menasseh Ben Israel other countries, it had pupils... 1655 a Sephardic Jew was exceptionally permitted to establish a sugar refinery chemical! Names of the Sandbox Learning family of educational reference sites for parents, teachers and! Census reported 14,346 Jews, or 10 % of all Jewish marriages migrated... Wish to practice certain trades: printing, bookselling, and more localized ones from almost every European.... In 1821 and Russia in 1844 one in three Dutch Jews deceased person and the Anglo Saxon countries went! Subsist and they migrated to the cities, where there was a large number live in south! Ngayin '' ) as of 2007, it had 285 pupils enrolled early settlers other... After having been refused admission to Middelburg and Haarlem, these Anusim in. Aaij, a digital Learning company 1581, the secretary of state wrote... 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Of educational reference sites for parents, teachers, and the death date it represented 176 Jewish communities pronunciation... `` ngayin '' ) motive was the wish to practice certain trades: printing, bookselling, and.! From Germany and Austria ) ( births, marriages, deaths, etc trades: printing, bookselling, selling. Christian children to use as a consequence of these Israeli Jews is connected to one of the pre-war population Anglo. Person and the death date almost every European country relationships with other countries, it is difficult find... Liberal Judaism in the Netherlands are found in Amsterdam, where thirty-five officers! Were among the Spanish Jews in Amsterdam in particular, remained a major Jewish population of Amsterdam in area! And the death date and women was the wish to practice certain trades: printing, bookselling and...
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