Answer (1 of 6): Here is my insight on what makes it so difficult for autistic people to understand others. cognitive . Author. Alternative explanation- biological explanation suggests depression is caused by a chemical imbalances- too much dopamine/ too little serotonin is thought to lead to depression. Previous research has shown that reminding subjects of their mortality encourages negative reactions to others whose behaviour or attitudes deviate from the cultural worldview (e.g. Outline two explanations for obedience 6 marks. For example, it would be difficult to control variables that have happened in the past. (1989) and contrast the mortality salience condition with a value salient condition in which subjects were induced to focus directly on their values. Evolutionary Psychology. PDF 1. What does psychological explanation refer to? The replacement of non-scientific causal explanations by scientific ones does indeed take place with age. Loading. So why have delusions been accepted rather than more realistic explanations? This is a good way to evaluate and discuss psychological theories. 2, 95-107 The Paradox of the Contented Female Worker: An Assessment of Alternative Explanations* JO PHELAN Columbia University The "paradox of the contented female worker" is that although women have jobs with lower pay and less authority than men, they are equally satisfied with their jobs and . Confidence range questions are more prone to effects of biased information processing because there are no explicit alternatives as in the case of two-choice questions. Social Psychology Quarterly 1994, Vol. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. PDF International Advanced Level Psychology There are three main types of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. a) psychoanalytical theory b) structuralism c) humanism Ginny Russell, Corresponding Author. 8.1 One-Group Designs - Research Methods in Psychology Updated: 11/27/2021 Create an account ERIC - EJ789879 - Examining Alternative Explanations of ... ALTERNATIVE PSYCHOLOGY. Theoretical Explanations of Overconfidence. Google Scholar; Argyris C. Personality and organization. Category:Research methods | Psychology Wiki | Fandom The association of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with socioeconomic disadvantage: alternative explanations and evidence J Child Psychol Psychiatry . An alternative to the social psychological explanation of aggression is that of the Biological Approach. Confounds in Psychology: Definition & Concept - Video ... This refers to the statistical fact that an individual who scores extremely on a variable on one occasion will tend to score less extremely on the next occasion. PDF Cognitive Explanation of Depression The association of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with socioeconomic disadvantage: alternative explanations and evidence. MARK SCHEME - A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY - 7182/1 - JUNE 2017 . The dominant force in American psychology from the early 1920s until the 1960s was ___. Examples of alternative explanation in a sentence, how to use it. 2 marks for alternative explanation outlined with some elaboration. On the Natural Selection of Alternative Models: Evaluation of Explanations in Evolutionary Psychology Bruce J. Ellis Department of Psychology University of Canterbury Timothy Ketelaar Department of Communication Studies University of California, Los Angeles A central goal ofourtarget article was to evaluate the In its broad sense, the term "evolutionary psychology" stands for any attempt to adopt an evolutionary perspective on human behavior by supplementing psychology with the central tenets of evolutionary biology. Science Literacy . Ruling Out Alternative Explanations: Spuriousness and Control Variables. However, the meaning of observation goes a little further as compared to discussed above. The advantages improved our ability to survive and to go on to reproduce. Barker, C., et al(2002) Research Methods in Clinical Psychology : An Introduction for Students and Practitioners. This specialty section accepts articles across the spectrum of evolutionary psychology and related fields (e.g., animal behavior; biological, physical, and psychological anthropology, evolutionary biology) that take an evolutionary approach to understanding human and non-human behavior. Extraneous variables should be controlled were possible, as they might be important enough to provide alternative explanations for the effects. Study I assessed the plausibility of an alternative explanation which posits that mortality salience simply primes individuals' values. on the holistic nature of Indigenous wisdom and how it can work with the scientific process Associate Professor in Psychology, Dr. David Rast on uncertainty and decision making. Investigate possible alternative explanations | Better ... "What about building 7?" A social psychological study of ... The underlying idea is that since our mind is the way it is at least in part because of our evolutionary past, evolutionary theory can aid our understanding . Alternative explanations. Frontiers in Psychology | Evolutionary Psychology Correlation means that there is a relationship between two or more variables (such as ice cream consumption and crime), but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect. Google Scholar General Elimination Methodology: this involves identifying alternative explanations and then systematically investigating them to see if they can be ruled out. You can complete the definition of an alternative explanation given by the English Definition dictionary with other English dictionaries: Wikipedia, Lexilogos, Oxford, Cambridge, Chambers Harrap, Wordreference, Collins Lexibase dictionaries, Merriam Webster. • develop an understanding of alternative explanations of behavior • understand and use diverse methods of psychological inquiry. 1 mark for a limited or muddled explanation of a problem, eg answers referring to lack of 'accuracy'. Search an alternative explanation and thousands of other words in English definition and synonym dictionary from Reverso. Learn more about what to do with a failed hypothesis, as well as alternative explanations, reviewing the experiment, and scientific hypothesis. The definition of negative correlation states that it is a relationship between two variables, such that when the value of one variable increases, the value of the other decreases and vice versa. . Alternative explanations. Music psychology is a field of research with practical relevance for many areas, including music performance, composition, education, criticism, and therapy, as well as investigations of human attitude, skill, performance, intelligence, creativity, and social behavior . The Debunking Handbook is an upcoming a now available guide to debunking myths, by John Cook and Stephan Lewandowsky. Correlational Research. New York: Harper, 1957. Methodological evaluation points are creditable provided they are fully made. 2014 May;55(5):436-45. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12170. Testing Alternative Explanations 421 In order to assess this alternative, we sought to replicate the bond effect found in Rosenblatt et al. Evolutionary psychology is an integration of evolutionary biology and psychological theory. founder of humanistic psychology. All theories of human behavior in organizations are consistent with a classic model that views behavior as a function of ability, motivation, and situational opportunities (or constraints). Along with cognitive psychologists, evolutionary psychologists propose that much, if not all, of our behavior can be explained by appeal to internal psychological mechanisms. This systemati … Papers on traditional (e.g., jealousy) and modern (e.g., disgust mechanisms) subject matters of this . In light of this evidence, one might think that the illusion of control should be easily reduced by alerting people about alternative, potential explanations of the events they are trying to control. appropriate explanation then full marks are available. . University of Alberta 4.4 (165 ratings) . However, the replacement model only captures the development of verbal judgments. Alternative explanations should be considered in all outcome evaluations, whether formally or informally. [3 marks] Marks for this question: AO3 = 3 marks. 3 marks for clear, coherent alternative explanation with some detail. Open Access. 4 steps of healthy questioning/open mind . This theory is supported by the effective use of drug therapy (antidepressants) to treat depression . Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized as a neurodevelopmental disorder. Such a way of knowing about others is called observation . University of Alberta 4.4 (165 ratings) . ESRC Centre for Genomics in Society (Egenis) & Institute of Health . https://www.quora.com/Why-do-some-autistics-struggle-to . This field study examined two alternative explanations for recruitment source effects which have been consistently reported in previous studies. Some phenomena we have encountered in this book are that expressive writing improves health, women do not talk more than men, and cell phone usage impairs driving ability. Original Article. To analyze what is involved in these types of explanations, we consider the ways in which lawlike representations of regularities and representations of mechanisms factor in psychological Although there is a great deal of psychological research on misinformation, unfortunately there is no summary of the literature that offers practical guidelines on the most effective ways of reducing the influence of misinformation. Alternative explanations can be investigated to rule out other reasons for the observed outcomes. As predicted by conversion theory, subjects moved away from the majority only in private and in the presence of a consistent minority. Mental disorders are common; lifetime prevalence rates are near 50% in the United States and reach double digits in every country examined by the WHO ().Mental disorders are also the leading cause of disability worldwide (), with a global cost exceeding US$2 trillion ().In the fight against these widespread and disabling conditions, biological approaches to understanding psychopathology (e.g . In the absence of a consistent minority, subjects accepted the majority opinion in private, ruling out reactance as an alternative explanation. The scores are then compared to see if it is a reliable form of testing. impact theory (Latane, 1981) also provides an explanation of conformity that candidates can compare to compliance, identification and internalisation, and also use as an alternative explanation for obedience. As a consequence, they develop a stronger illusion of control. walked in the week. Depression was understood in terms of: inwardly directed anger (Freud, 1917), introjection of love object loss, severe super-ego demands (Freud, 1917), excessive narcissistic, oral and/or anal personality need (Chodoff, 1972), loss of self-esteem (Bibring, 1953 . This is a limitation of the cognitive explanation and In practice it would be difficult to control all the variables on child's educational achievement. Learn more about what to do with a failed hypothesis, as well as alternative explanations, reviewing the experiment, and scientific hypothesis. A hypothesis can be an explanation that relies on just a few key concepts—although this term more commonly refers to a prediction about a new phenomenon based on a theory (see Section 4.3 "Using Theories in Psychological Research"). Journal of Applied Psychology, 1973, 58, 77-82. ISBN 047149089X The limits of the scientific method in clinical psychology; References. Ph.D., MPP, has a wide research agenda — psychology from cradle to grave, life's origins to our grave situation, . The raw data consisted of the comment sections of various online news articles. Max 1 mark for alternative explanations Dopamine: • As excess dopamine is only measured after onset it could be effect not cause/eq; • However paranoia in drug users where dopamine levels are kept The limits of the scientific method in psychology. In order to test the power of proximity, Milgram conducted a variation where the teacher and learner where seated in the same room. Adding to the confusion is the fact that researchers often use these terms interchangeably. If a psychological theory is the only plausible explanation then it's probably a pretty strong theory. However, what if other explanations are available? Phenomena. 57, No. Cognitive explanations aren't offered as an alternative to biological explanations of schizophrenia. This explanation claims that a person obeys when they are in such a state, this state is characterised by the person viewing themselves as not responsible for their actions as they have passed responsibility onto the person, they perceive to have . Neil Dagnall Reader in Applied Cognitive Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University Whereas mortality salience led to harsher bond recommendations for a prostitute, a procedure that directly focused subjects on their values did not. Psychology higher level Core 90 hours of instruction on three topics • The biological level of analysis • The cognitive level of analysis • The sociocultural level of analysis 90 hours [3 marks] Marks for this question: AO1 = 3 . Predicting behavior of psychology and examples of fictional and so reflects the alternative explanations for exploration of dealing with some cases of! Samples were taken from news articles posted between July 1st and December 31st, 2011, on four mainstream news websites: ABC (American Broadcasting Company) News, CNN, the Independent, and the Daily Mail.This date range was chosen because of the large number of 9/11-related articles around the time of the . An individual is given one form of the test and after a period of time (usually a week or so) the . Theories and methods of industrial and organizational psychology are those of all psychology, only slightly constrained by characteristics of employment settings and assumptions about those who populate them. 0 7 Outline one alternative explanation for obedience. Options Force Field Analysis: providing a detailed overview of the variety of forces that may be acting on an organizational change issue. Patients were assessed on the following criteria: symptom measures, the evidence for . Articles. 1 mark for a very brief or muddled outline. During the 1960's psychodynamic theories dominated psychology and psychiatry. Alternate form reliability occurs when an individual participating in a research or testing scenario is given two different versions of the same test at different times. The advent of complex and powerful computer-generated statistical models has greatly eroded the former prominence of social theory in data analysis, replacing it with an emphasis on statistical technique. The purpose of the Theory A / Theory B technique is to open a discussion about the possibility of alternative ways of thinking about the client's problem, and then to explore how the current data fits with different theories, and to guide the gathering of new data that can test theories. In this variation the percentage of participants who administered the full 450 volts dropped from 65% to 40%. In contrast, learning is a change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience. Our ability to perceive the length of the lines depends on the actual length of the line itself and the overall length of the figure. ALTERNATIVE STRUCTURE - FOR A DISCUSSION OF DEBATES QUESTION: Discuss the nature/nurture debate with regard to the psychodynamic explanation of mental illness [10] Describe the debate: The nature debate is the belief that behaviour is derived from what we are born with. Delusions can be viewed as explanations of experiences. 19 examples: Here, then, an alternative explanation of the equitable man is required. Here obedience levels fell, as the teacher was able to experience the learner's pain more directly. Volume 55, Issue 5 p. 436-445. Greenberg, Pyszcz. By definition, the experiences are insufficient to merit the delusional explanations. Loss aversion and the endowment effect. Example/Explanation: The Biological approach criticises social psychological theories; SLT has been criticised by the biological approach which includes looking at hormone levels as a cause of aggression. The top three scientific explanations for ghost sightings October 27, 2016 6.37am EDT . For example, Frith (1992) f ound that cognitive deficits are linked to abnormalities in areas of the brain that use dopamine , especially the prefrontal cortex . Google Scholar; Baucom D. J. , Danker-Brown P. Influence of sex roles on the development of learned helplessness. Potentially problematic variables that can lead to alternative explanations for the results of a study are called ___ variables. Neil . John Wiley & Sons. a) independent b) confounding c) dependent d) experimental. Alternate form reliability occurs when an individual participating in a research or testing scenario is given two different versions of the same test at different times. Candidates should be able to apply the concepts to explain why a group may or may not be influenced by a minority or majority. Suggest an alternative measure that would overcome this problem. Science Literacy . In practice good evaluators, researchers and managers should scrutinise outcomes for alternative explanations and initiate further investigations. And examples of explanation for example may be a volunteer than do not originally envisioned it is a dependent variables used for longitudinal modeling? 2 marks for a clear and coherent explanation of a problem, including how it would affect the results. Loss aversion and the endowment effect lead to a violation of the Coase theorem—that "the allocation of resources will . Seven Alternative Explanations For Know-It-All Behavior . Updated: 11/27/2021 Create an account An individual is given one form of the test and after a period of time (usually a week or so) the . The goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and influence mental and behavioral processes. Participants start with guessing a number (e.g., "50,000 inhabitants") that might be far from right and then search for . psychology: psychophysics, physiological psychology, and information-processing psychology. Here I was trying to imagine alternative explanations for seemingly narcissistic behavior, not to cut any of us slack on the tendency but to recognize that we come by the tendency honestly sometimes. Objective observation, experimentation, and quantitative and qualitative analysis are psychologists' tools for achieving these goals. Carl Rogers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1979, 47, 928-936. Loading. on the holistic nature of Indigenous wisdom and how it can work with the scientific process Associate Professor in Psychology, Dr. David Rast on uncertainty and decision making. The two types of explanations are COMPLEMENTARY - they work together. 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