Animal models are used to study the mechanisms by which teratogens result in birth defects or malformations, and these studies can also give insights into normal development. The study and understanding of teratogenesis is also essential for making safer and more targeted therapeutic drugs. 1. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis Teratogens Oxidative stress 5. Adverse drug reactions Due to the ability of many known and suspected teratogens to induce oxidative stress and the many signaling pathways that have redox‐sensitive components, further research is warranted to fully understand these mechanisms. It is in the chelating class of drugs. The role of ESCO2, SALL4 and TBX5 genes in the ... Teratogenesis and Mechanism of Teratogenesis Teratology - Wikipedia Abstract. Ferroptosis is a new mode of cell death that is characterized by the excessive accumulation of iron and lipid peroxides. Garlic (Allium sativum) has been used in alternative medicine to treat several diseases, such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and hepatic diseases. Mechanisms of Teratogenesis Mechanisms of Teratogenesis Beckman, D A; Brent, R L 1984-04-01 00:00:00 D. A. Beckman and R. L. Brent Department of Pediatrics, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107 MECHANISMS The mechanisms of teratogenesis faJl into two broad categories based on … In addition to the Ca 2+-dependent activation of MLC kinase, the state of myosin light chain phosphorylation is further regulated by MLC phosphatase [aka myosin phosphatase (1, 4, 9, 11–16)], which removes the high-energy phosphate from the light chain of myosin to promote … Teratogens Chemicals Which Cause Birth Defects, 2nd Revised Edition is a collection of papers that discusses the practical aspect of teratogens, particularly regarding information on the teratogenic potential of chemicals. 78, No. scientific review: mechanisms of valproate-mediated ... Thalidomide hijacks the CRL4 CRBN E3 ligase to degrade a number of cellular proteins. Neural crest cell disruption 3. Label. Aminopterin is an amino derivative of folic acid which binds competitively to the dihydrofolate reductase enzyme to block tetrahydrofolate synthesis. Thalidomide, sold under the brand names Contergan and Thalomid among others, is a medication used to treat a number of cancers (including multiple myeloma), graft-versus-host disease, and a number of skin conditions including complications of leprosy. These experiments suggested a species-specific role for oxidative stress in thalidomide teratogenesis, though the mechanism still needs exploration. Viral antigen can be demonstrated in all cell types in the CNS both in animal tissueâ (Figure 3) and in cell The mechanism of teratogenesis of BDV is probably interference with the maturation and differentiation of fetal tissues by a generalised virus infection. It is a large assignment to relate mechanisms of teratogenesis to cross-species extrapolations within the context of women in the work place. While it has been used in a number of HIV-associated conditions, such use is associated with increased levels of … Damayanthi Deepa 1, Narayani Jayakumari 1, Sanjeev V Thomas 2 1 Department of Biochemistry, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India 2 Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical … Mannitol is a naturally occurring alcohol found in fruits and vegetables and used as an osmotic diuretic. enzyme inhibition. In this commentary, we describe a model to explain the mechanism of the embryopathy of thalidomide. Mechanisms of Alcohol Damage In Utero. The common endpoint is cell death — teratogenesis causing fewer cells. Most mechanisms of teratogenesis are theoretical, not well understood, and imply a genetic component. One exception is the mechanism of thalidomide teratogenesis. In susceptible species, thalidomide causes oxidative DNA damage. Other articles where teratogenesis is discussed: poison: Teratogenesis: Teratogenesis is a prenatal toxicity characterized by structural or functional defects in the developing embryo or fetus. When during the first trimester is it valuable to measure levels of this hormone and when is it a waste of time? Many experiments have been reported concerning the teratogenesis due to various hypovitaminoses, but there are relatively few reports on teratogenesis resulting from the administration of a large quantity of vitamin. In animal models designed to detect anticonvulsant activity, 72 lamotrigine was effective in preventing seizure spread in … Teratogenic mechanisms of medical drugs 379. at Rijksuniversiteit Groningen on October 26, 2010 humupd.oxfordjournals.org Downloaded from. This is supposed to hold for all congenital defects, whether due to … A. teratogenesis B. organogenesis C. blastulation D. implantation E. cleavage. For enveloped viruses, one of the following two mechanisms is used: direct fusion and receptor-mediated endocytosis. La doxorubicina non è fase-specifica, ma è attiva soprattutto nella fase S del … Teratogenic effects are dependent on the nature of the teratogen, including chemical properties of the chemical, route of exposure, maternal/fetal bioactivation, placental transport, etc. Retinoic acid, an active metabolite of vitamin A, plays essential signaling roles in mammalian embryogenesis. This review outlines oxidative stress as a mechanism of teratogenesis through the disruption of thiol‐mediated redox signaling. In 1977 James Wilson proposed six principles of teratology that were subsequently published in the Handbook of Teratology. Shum. Studies have shown that an excess of vitamin A can affect embryonic development and result in teratogenesis, or the production of birth defects in a developing embryo. We conducted this study to determine whether GA is inherently teratogenic and the extent to which the risk can be transferred to fetuses. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology Vol. Teratogenesis is a serious concern with methimazole if administered during early pregnancy during the period of organogenesis. According to a World Health Organization (WHO), an ADR has been defined as “A response to a drug which is noxious and unintended, and which occurs at doses normally used in man for the prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy of disease, or for the … The premature and pharmacologic exposure of the embryo to a nitrofen-derived thyromimetic challenge is believed to be the cause of abnormal morphogenesis of the heart, lungs, kidneys, and diaphragm. Authors Charles R Goodlett 1 , Kristin H Horn, Feng C Zhou. Susceptibility to teratogenesis depends upon the genotype of the conceptus and how it interacts with environmental Factors. Enrico D'Aniello, Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division and Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio. For nonenveloped naked viruses, receptor-mediated endocytosis is used for penetration. If … ... which may contribute to teratogenesis (Lee and Bowden, 2000). These principles of teratology were put forth by Jim Wilson in 1959 and in his monograph Environment and Birth Defects. enzyme inhibition. It is taken by mouth or injected into a vein.. Common side effects include bone … It is generally recognized that some congenital malformations may be caused by an abnormal environment surrounding the mother in pregnancy. Before attempting to review our current very limited understanding of the biochemical basis of teratogenesis, it is probably wise to give some general impression of the place that biochemical studies occupy in the overall approach to the investigation of human birth defects. deprivation of the fetus of vitamins, energy. (c) Model for activation of Nrf2. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 105 , 140–156 (2015). The mechanisms underpinning the teratogenic effects of thalidomide are unclear. In embryos, Teratogenesis has not been reported in animals or humans with ipratropium bromide. Teratology is the science that investigates the congenital malformations and their causes. Mechanism of Action: The precise mechanism(s) by which lamotrigine exerts its 71 anticonvulsant action are unknown. Absorption. La doxorubicina (conosciuta anche con il nome di adriamicina) è un antibiotico antineoplastico della famiglia delle antracicline, dotato di un ampio spettro antitumorale. They include folate antagonism, neural crest cell disruption, endocrine disruption, oxidative stress, vascular disruption and specific receptor- or enzyme-mediated teratogenesis.15 There is a great evidence that individual susceptibility to teratogenic drugs varies When administered at doses as low as 0.15 mg/kg/day during organogenesis, abnormal development of the heart, kidneys, diaphragm, and lung occurs. Mechanism of action in thalidomide teratogenesis. (a) Domain structures of Nrf2, Keap1, and small Mafs F, G, and K. (b) Secondary structure of Neh2. Alcohol Teratogenesis: Mechanisms of Damage and Strategies for Intervention. Graphics, animations, graphs, texts, questions, cases and other reference data are provided to enhance the understanding of the user. Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. Emerging evidence shows that redox‐sensitive signal transduction pathways are critical for developmental processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Susceptibility to teratogenesis depends upon the genotype of the conceptus and how it interacts with environmental Factors. Neural crest cell disruption 3. Here we demonstrate that loss of immature blood vessels is the primary cause of thalidomide-induced teratogenesis and provide an explanation for its action at the … Mechanism for Chemical Teratogenesis by Mont R. Juchau,* Alan G. Fantel,+ Craig Harris,* and Bruce K. Beyer* A survey of the literature indicates that several chemicals whose reduced metabolites are capable of undergoing redox cycling in biological systems also possess significant teratogenic properties when tested in vivo. Mechanism of Nitrofen Teratogenesis by Jeanne M. Manson* Nitrofen (2,4-dichloro-4'-nitrodiphenyl ether) is an herbicide with potent teratogenic activity in rats. Figure 2: Domain structure and activation mechanism. Tetrahydrofolate is essential in the production of purines and pyrimadines, thus it's deficiency results in a reduction of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. James G. Wilson. Mechanism for rheumatoid arthritis Adverse effects Typical dosage Cost * Nonbiologic † Methotrexate. Lecture 32 TERATOLOGY 1 Concepts of congenital abnormalities Mechanisms of teratogenesis General nature of … London: Pitman … • Embryonic stage. Hypothesis: thalidomide embryopathy‐proposed mechanism of action. Along with this new awareness of the in utero vulnerability of the developing mammalian embryo came the development and refinement of The Six Principles of Teratology which are still applied today. Mechanism of Teratogenesis The Mechanism of Teratogenesis fall under broad categories based on the etiology of congenital malformations: Errors in genetic programs based upon variances in the genotypes of the embryo or the reduced likelihood for the mistake of the regular genotype; Dermatosparaxis is a hereditary disease recently detected in cattle, and characterized by a fragile skin with an inelastic dermal tissue. This activity outlines and reviews the indications, actions, and contraindications for EDTA as a valuable agent in managing lead toxicity. Published literature, including cohort studies, case-control studies, and case series, over several decades have not identified a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. These principles guide the study and understanding of teratogenic agents and their effects on developing organisms: BibTeX @MISC{Juchau_thepotential, author = {Mont R. Juchau and Alan G. Fantel and T Craig Harris and Bruce K. Beyer}, title = {The Potential Role of Redox Cycling as a Mechanism for Chemical Teratogenesis}, year = {}} • Embryonic stage. Pathways 2011 Author. Date. Teratogenesis is the creation of a deformed organism. In the majority of cases, VPA accumulates in the circulation of the embryo, reachi… Mechanism of teratogenesis: electron transfer, reactive oxygen species, and antioxidants. The vast bulk of teratogenesis data in the literature is directed toward screening for teratogens, but progress in understanding developmental mechanisms and the increasing use of vertebrate model systems signal a shift toward deeper mechanistic analysis. Although the mechanism of teratogenesis 3 and determinants of risk remain unclear, related teratogenic xenobiotics are bioactivated by embryonic prostaglandin H … congenital malformations | mouse embryos | retinoids All-trans retinoic acid (RA), a bioactive vitamin A metabolite, is a signaling molecule indispensable for the formation of many organs, including eyes, heart, and kidneys (1). Although it has a short half-life, exposure to high levels of retinoic acid can disrupt … Mechanisms of Teratogenesis. There are no adequate and well–controlled studies in pregnant women. Other causes of teratogenesis include viruses, for example rubella and Zika virus; physical compression in utero and poor diet. Animal models are used to study the mechanisms by which teratogens result in birth defects or malformations, and these studies can also give insights into normal development. Often the mechanism of action for the drug being assessed is known and can be compared to other drugs of a similar structure/activity. Vargesson, N. Thalidomide-induced teratogenesis: history and mechanisms. Many AEDs including VPA have been shown to readily cross the placenta from the apical (maternal interfacing) syncytiotrophoblast plasma membrane to the basal (foetal facing) circulation (Shen, 1999). While examining whether GA is effective in alleviating valproic-acid-induced teratogenesis in a chicken embryo model (CEM), we observed embryo hemorrhage and liposis in the musculi longissimus cervicis. Critical periods for alcohol teratogenesis in mice, with special reference to the gastrulation stage of embryogenesis. Thalidomide is a potent teratogen that induces a range of birth defects, most commonly of the developing limbs. Here we demonstrate that loss of immature blood vessels is the primary cause of thalidomide-induced teratogenesis and provide an explanation for its action at the … James G. Wilson. This review first gives an overview of the principles of … Methylene blue is an organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. Lee, Chun Yin Leung, Walfred W.C. Tang, Heung Ling Choi, Yun Chung Leung, Peter J. McCaffery, Chi Chiu Wang, Adrian S. Woolf, Alisa S.W. It is generally recognized that some congenital malformations may be caused by an abnormal environment surrounding the mother in pregnancy. Around 10% of birth defects are caused by environmental agents or conditions: these can be chemicals, including medicines, but also biologicals or maternal conditions that are collectively known as teratogens. CAS Article Google Scholar E. ... D. the hormone that causes a positive feedback mechanism to continue milk production. Hansen JM (2006) Oxidative stress as a mechanism in teratogenesis. Although thalidomide was withdrawn from the market in 1961, its pharmaceu- tical value in the treatment of HIV/AIDS is currently being investigated. Methimazole crosses the placental membranes and can cause fetal harm when administered in the first trimester of pregnancy. Teratology is the study of abnormalities of physiological development in all organisms including plants during the entire life span. The degradation of SALL4 and p63 is a new molecular mechanism involved in thalidomide embryopathy. mechanism of teratogenesis. The six principles he identified are: 1. alteration of permeability of placental membrane. In this commentary, we describe a model to explain the mechanism of the embryopathy of thalidomide. The assumption underlying the model (Figs. Van Tiem, Lindsey Anne. The mechanism for the penetration differs, whether enveloped or not. In contrast, nonhuman primates (NHP) most closely resemble human pregnancy and exhibit key similarities that make them ideal for research to discover the mechanisms of injury and for testing vaccines and therapeutics to prevent teratogenesis, fetal and neonatal injury and adverse pregnancy outcomes (e.g., stillbirth or spontaneous abortion). Adverse drug reactions (ADR’s) are an important clinical problem. The basic defect seems to be abnormal or insufficient production of collagen in the dermal connective tissue. deprivation of the fetus of vitamins, energy. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties. Teratogenesis is a process that causes birth defects or malformations in an embryo or foetus. •6 principal teratogenic mechanisms based on associations of major birth defects with medications used by women of reproductive age: 1. Azathioprine (AZA), sold under the brand name Imuran, among others, is an immunosuppressive medication. – Humans: critical 1st 8 wks gestation. Mechanisms of Teratogenesis. Example Mechanisms of Teratogenesis. The only effect after high administration of ipratropium was a reduction in the conception rate. (b) Cell lineage, cell to cell interaction, Genetic and induced teratogenesis, role of thyroxine in control of metamorphosisin amphibia, paedogenesis and neoteny, cell death, aging. 4 Teratogen-induced apoptotic cell death: Does the apoptotic machinery act as a protector of embryos exposed to teratogens? Vitamin A (retinol) is an essential vitamin in the daily functioning of human beings that helps regulate cellular differentiation of epithelial tissue. View teratology.pdf from BIO 246 at Murdoch University. Nevertheless, it has long been recognized that overexposure to vitamin A or retinoic acid causes widespread teratogenesis in rodents as well as humans. We evaluated how CP-induced alterations in the expression of these miRNAs in the embryonic limbs correlate with embryonic p53 genotype and CP-induced limb phenotypes. Pretreatment with phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN), a free radical trapping agent, reduces the occurrence of thalidomide embryopathy, suggesting that the mechanism is free radical-mediated oxidative DNA damage (108). Abstract. The aim of this work was to evaluate if cellular death, observed in in vitro Ach-exposed rat embryos, can be related to pathologically induced necrotic or apoptotic events and to better understand the mechanism involved in Ach-induced teratogenesis. 1. methods available to measure vital physiological parameters and to comprehend the mechanism behind occurrence of different life threatening disease via laboratory examination, ... Teratogenesis: Teratogenic agents and their effects on embryonic development; in vitro fertilization, Stem cell (ESC), Amniocentesis. Authors and affiliations. But although more than 2000 papers have been written about its mechanism of teratogenic action, it was not until the past few years that this mechanism was established. Many medications classified as class X are associated with at least one of these mechanisms. A great deal of researches confirms that ferroptosis can be regulated by numerous molecules through … Epigenetic activity has also been given only limited consideration as a mechanism for teratogenesis. A teratogen is any agent that physically or chemically alters developmental processes and produces congenital deformities. What followed was the biggest man-made medical disaster ever where over 10000 children were born with a range of severe and debilitating malformations. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of retinoid teratogenesis is important. It also includes intrauterine growth retardation, death of the embryo or fetus, and transplacental carcinogenesis (in which chemical exposure of the mother initiates cancer … Należy dodać przypisy do treści niemających odnośników do wiarygodnych źródeł. Liver effects, teratogenesis, hair loss, oral ulcers. Several decades have passed since the thalidomide disaster, and efforts to explore the mechanism underlying thalidomide-induced teratogenesis have never ceased. Po wyeliminowaniu niedoskonałości należy usunąć szablon {{Dopracować}} z tego artykułu. Either an excess or a deficiency of vitamin A and related compounds (retinoids) causes abnormal morphological development (teratogenesis). The human teratogen is a chemical drug, metabolic state, physical agent or psychological alteration during development that produce a permanent pathologic or pathopsychologic alteration in … • Some natural “bad path” spontaneous abortion. A selection of teratogens and their consequences are described, and they are arranged in a certain hierarchy based on a simplified model of how they act. Definition of Adverse drug reaction. • Complex mechanisms and timing of disruptive interaction during embryogenesis. Interference with collagen synthesis and deposition can be expected to play a significant role in teratogenesis, not only because collagen is the most abundant protein in the body, being the major protein constituent of most tissues and organs of mesenchymal origin, but especially because it is involved in important aspects of cell and tissue differentiation including epithelio … presumption are proposed as mechanisms of teratogenesis, in the loose sense stated above. It has unique morphological changes and disparate biochemical features and plays an intricate role in many pathophysiological processes. ... Ipratropium was not shown to present carcinogenesis, teratogenesis not mutagenesis potential and it did not present effects on fertility. underlying teratogenic mechanisms are stated to be associated with medication- use. 2. … C. All of the following structures are derived from mesoderm EXCEPT _____. terms teros- monster teratogen- an agent that can produce a permanent alteration of structure or function in an organism exposed during embryonic or fetal life teratology- branch of science which studies the mechanisms and patterns of abnormal development teratogenicity- the induction of malformation by teratogens teratogenesis-the process by … Chapter. ATKINS ETAL. Different mechanisms have been proposed to … 1-Octanol antagonizes ethanol inhibition of L1-mediated cell adhesion and prevents ethanol teratogenesis in mouse whole embryo culture. Folate antagonism 2. Several publications have highlighted other features of garlic, including its antibacterial, antioxidative, antihypertensive, and antithrombotic properties. Advisor. Specific receptor- or enzyme-mediated teratogenesis. alteration of permeability of placental membrane. Are they safe? Wells P, Kim P, Laposa R, Nicol C, Parmana T and Winn L (1997) Oxidative damage in chemical teratogenesis, Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 10.1016/S0027-5107(97)00175-9, 396:1-2, (65-78), Online publication date: 1-Dec-1997. Input overload: Contributions of retinoic acid signaling feedback mechanisms to heart development and teratogenesis. Biochem Pharmacol 59:1489–1499. Mechanism of teratogenesis: Electron transfer, reactive oxygen species, and antioxidants 1 January 2007 | Birth Defects Research Part C: Embryo Today: Reviews, Vol. Nearly 60 years ago thalidomide was prescribed to treat morning sickness in pregnant women. 2. Susceptibility to teratogenic agents varies with the developmental stage at the time of exposure 3. Teratogenic agents act in specific ways on developing cells and tissue to initiate abnormal embryogenesis. 4. The final manifestations of abnormal development are death, malformation, growth retardation, and functional disorder. As a consequence, teratogens that induce oxidative stress (OS) may induce teratogenesis via the misregulation of these same pathways. mechanism of teratogenesis. • Some natural “bad path” spontaneous abortion. Many of these pathways are regulated by cellular thiol … This criterion is typically only used when toxicity information specific to the drug under evaluation is insufficient or unavailable but is available for the chemical analog. In: O’Connor M, Porter R, Whelen J, Eds. One exception is the mechanism of thalidomide teratogenesis. 2000 Jun 15;59(12):1489-99. doi: 10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00388-3. mechanism of teratogenesis. Errors in differentiation Three classes of abnormal cell differentiation are dysplasia, metaplasia, and anaplasia. CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles, Pradeep Teregowda): Nitrofen (2,4-dichloro-4'-nitrodiphenyl ether) is an herbicide with potent teratogenic activity in rats. CONCLUSIONS Dyplasia: Dysplasia indicates an abnormal arrangement of cells, usually arising from a disturbance in … Mechanism of action in thalidomide teratogenesis. The nature of the teratogen and developmental stage during which the alteration occurs is critical to the type and severity of abnormality it will produce. It also includes intrauterine growth retardation, death of the embryo or fetus, and transplacental carcinogenesis (in which chemical exposure of the mother initiates cancer … – Humans: critical 1st 8 wks gestation. Authors. The six principles he identified are: 1. Other articles where teratogenesis is discussed: poison: Teratogenesis: Teratogenesis is a prenatal toxicity characterized by structural or functional defects in the developing embryo or fetus. 2000. (e) Biogenetic law. • Complex mechanisms and timing of disruptive interaction during embryogenesis. Vascular disruption 6. mechanism of teratogenesis. Rather, evidence is accumulating that nitrofen exerts a teratogenic effect via alterations in thyroid hormone status. Endocrine disruption 4. Wells P, Kim P, Laposa R, Nicol C, Parmana T and Winn L (1997) Oxidative damage in chemical teratogenesis, Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 10.1016/S0027-5107(97)00175-9, 396:1-2, (65-78), Online publication date: 1-Dec-1997. In susceptible species, thalidomide causes oxidative DNA damage. When administered at doses as low as 0.15 mg/kg/day during organogenesis, abnormal development of the heart, kidneys, diaphragm, and lung occurs. We strive to make this website the best resource for mechanisms of drug action in the context of physiology and pathophysiology. The brain's nerve cells normally communicate with each other by sending electrical and chemical signals across the synapses that connect the cells. Teratogens act via a specific mechanism on developing cells and tissues to initiate a cascade of altered developmental events. Search for more papers by this author. Endocrine disruption 4. All these proposed mechanisms likely have some involvement; however, in what order? [Google Scholar] Stephens TD, Bunde CJ, Fillmore BJ. Will giving your patients progesterone supplements help prevent miscarriage? Example Mechanisms of Teratogenesis. Herein, we identify a new series of alcohol antagonists and study their mechanism of action. Specific receptor- or enzyme-mediated teratogenesis KNOWN TERATOGENIC MECHANISMS Children’s Hospital Research Foundation and Departments of Pediatrics and Anatomy University of Cincinnati College of Medicine USA. Mannitol is freely filtered by the glomerulus and poorly reabsorbed from the renal tubule, thereby causing an increase in osmolarity of the glomerular filtrate. Hypoglycin is the agent responsible for Jamaican vomiting sickness and is teratogenic in experimental animals. Mechanisms of thalidomide teratogenesis – models Many models and theories have been proposed to explain the mechanism underlying the teratogenic actions of thalidomide. mechanism of teratogenesis. Mechanisms of Teratogenesis Mechanisms of Teratogenesis Beckman, D A; Brent, R L 1984-04-01 00:00:00 D. A. Beckman and R. L. Brent Department of Pediatrics, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107 MECHANISMS The mechanisms of teratogenesis faJl into two broad categories based on … Ca 2+ SENSITIZATION MECHANISM AND CONTRACTION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE. Folate antagonism 2. used as a first-line treatment in multiple myeloma in combination with dexamethasone or with melphalan and prednisone to treat acute episodes of erythema nodosum leprosumand for maintenance therapy. common mechanisms with teratogenesis. Authors T D Stephens 1 , C J Bunde, B J Fillmore. Teratogenesis, Mutagenesis, and Carcinogenesis 115 mechanism of toxicity is still unknown. mechanism of teratogenesis. Mechanism of action in thalidomide teratogenesis. The properties of garlic result … The teratogenic agents include some viral, spirochetal and protozoal infections, physical agents as ionizing radiations … Leo M.Y. 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