Provision was made for the establishment of the Austin State School. The colleges were permitted to begin building programs, and the educational appropriation bills were more generous than usual. [20], A January 2014 review by the law firm Hilder & Associates concluded that there was "no credible evidence of a violation of [the state government code] that would warrant a referral for criminal prosecution." Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. That committee has been holding a series of meetings in late 2013. A part of his appeal as a candidate for governor was his support for white supremacy in the political process. FERGUSON IMPEACHMENT FERGUSON IMPEACHMENT. After a trial, the Senate voted him out of office by a vote of 25-3 and banned him from holding any state office. The second had to do with his utilization of the Temple Bank he had controlling interest in as his personal slush fund. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Its our 10th year participating in Amplify, and to celebrate, weve got $15,000 in matching funds from four generous Tribune supporters. The anti-prohibitionists attempted to have a similar convention, but Ferguson, whose statements and Bell County record identified him as an anti-prohibitionist, refused to submit his name to it. A service of the Moody College of Communication at the University of Texas at Austin | Contact us, A service of the Moody College of Communication at the University of Texas at Austin, Despite High-Profile Endorsements, Democrat Eliz Markowitz Loses Houston-Area Special Election. You have permission to edit this article. James Ferguson is the only governor to be impeached and convicted. Interns wanted: Get paid to help ensure that every voter has unbiased election information. James Edward (Pa) Ferguson (1871-1944), Texas governor, son of James Edward and Fannie (Fitzpatrick) Ferguson, was born on August 31, 1871, near Salado, Bell County, Texas. [5], On December 31, 1899, he married Miriam A. Wallace at her family home. His father died when he was 4. Governor and President Pro Tempore have not acted, then by proclamation of a signed majority of the members of the Senate. Almost a century later, the Ferguson impeachment presents both striking similarities and key differences to the ongoing saga involving University of Texas System Regent Wallace Hall. In 1918 he sought the Democratic party nomination for the governorship but was defeated by William P. Hobby. . [4], In Texas, two officials have been successfully impeached -- Governor James Ferguson in 1917 and Judge O.P. He was an avowed enemy of the KKK, but to hear him talk about black people, youd have thought he had earned his hood. Join us! Ferguson also ran for President of the United States in the 1920 election as the candidate of the American Party. We help women historians thrive through events, resources, and community. Amplify your impact and donate now. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. But the day before the conviction was certain to come down. Jessica Brannon-Wranosky is the Distinguished Professor of Digital Humanities and History at Texas A&M UniversityCommerce. 2-stem governor fro 1921-1924 . Against a lawsuit filed to prevent the Texas Democratic Party from listing him on the primary ballot, Ferguson argued that his impeachment trial ended without a conviction or judgment because he resigned his office before the Senate decided the case. System has not protected the privacy rights of students, staff, and patients. . However, the date of retrieval is often important. As a result of his actions, in 1917, Ferguson became the only Texas governor impeached and removed from office. James Ferguson is the only governor to be impeached and convicted. The report concluded that Hall had a legitimate reason for having the documents in question. Though he had signed legislation creating three new colleges, he found himself in a feud with professors at the University of Texas. Sign up now to get our FREE breaking news coverage delivered right to your inbox. Ferguson was born to the Reverend James E. Ferguson, and Fannie Ferguson near Salado in south Bell County, Texas. On December 31, 1899, he married Miriam A. Wallace; they had two children. Ferguson declared that the Legislature was nothing more than a kangaroo court," resigned a day before the official conviction, and was steadfast in his beliefs that the judgment didnt apply to him, according to Rutherford. Low 54F. Scandals of all sorts, from the brazen to the bizarre, have occurred for decades at all levels. Ma placed a distant fifth. Only two Texas public officials have been impeached in the state's history. No. Some have said Hall is being targeted for uncovering evidence of political favoritism with respect to admissions processes.[6]. Before his impeachment, Texas students paraded from the campus to the Capitol and held a protest rally, complete with the university band, right outside Fergusons office while he met with the regents. James Ferguson was a banker from Temple who would become governor in 1914 - famous, or infamous, as the only Texas governor to face impeachment. This might sound like the controversy involving UT System Regent Wallace Hall, an appointee of Gov. [8], Prior to his inauguration, Ferguson conferred with officials at the University of Texas regarding appointments affecting learning and higher education. During the events that led up to the final quarrel, the University of Texas Board of Regents had repeatedly refused to remove certain faculty members whom Ferguson found objectionable. He submitted his resignation the day before he was scheduled to be formally convicted. If Hall is impeached, he would bethe third person in Texas history to be in that situation. As a result of his actions, in 1917, Ferguson became the only Texas governor impeached and removed from office. "Ma" Ferguson became the second female governor in the United States, with Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming being the first. Though he had signed legislation creating three new colleges, he found himself in a feud with professors at the University of Texas. At age 12 he entered Salado College (a preparatory school) but was eventually expelled for disobedience. The Fergusons beat Robertson and went to the Governor's Mansion for a third time. | In 1917, Gov. Though as of this writing, three presidents have been impeached, none have ever been removed from office. It appears that there were no criminal proceedings in this case. Click here to contact us for media inquiries, and please donate here to support our continued expansion. Bridges can be reached by email at drkenbridges@gmail.com. State and local courts | He often said, civilization begins and ends with the plow. Ferguson was a mesmerizing speaker and storyteller and was splendidly fluent in the dialects of rural Texas. He loaned himself so much money that he practically bankrupted his own bank. When his reasoning was questioned, he would respond, I am governor of Texas. The Fergusons beat Robertson and went to the Governor's Mansion for a third time. He was a popular figure, singing laws protecting sharecroppers and providing state funding for rural schools. The reason he called the special session was because he wanted to address the UT budget, but they impeached him instead. His wife was defeated for re-election in 1926, following questions of improper use of her pardoning power. Ferguson was the only "wet" candidate in the Democratic primary and garnered all of the anti-prohibitionist votes over a plurality of "dry" candidates. Her most recent publications include contributions to Texas Women: Their Histories, Their Lives and Discovering Texas History. | Impeached provides a new examination of the rise and fall of Fergusons political fortunes, offering a focused look at how battles over economic class, academic freedom, womens enfranchisement, and concentrated political power came to be directed toward one politician. School districts | Jessica Brannon-Wranosky and Bruce A. Glasrud, eds. And this current flap is far from over. Farmer Jim wasnt even much of a farmer, though he owned a few farms and was incredibly loyal to farmers. He became a lawyer in 1897, married Miriam A. Wallace in 1899, and expanded into real estate, insurance and banking. Ferguson was removed from office and deemed ineligible to hold any position of honor, trust, or profit under the laws of Texas by the Court of Impeachment by a vote of twenty-five to three. Donations by CCWH members and other patrons support CCWH awards and initiatives. He resigned his office the day before the judgment was announced and contended that it did not apply to him. James "Pa" Ferguson was the Governor of Texas from 1915 to 1917, when he was impeached and convicted on several charges. Preliminary investigations failed to uncover any charge that would merit impeachment, and for a time the incident seemed closed. In 1922 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the United States Senate. Leah LaGrone Ochoa then explores Fergusons hot-and-cold relationship with the Texas press, and Mark Stanley examines the impact of the impeachment on Texas politics in the decades that followed. He is the author, coauthor, or editor of more than two dozen books, most recently Anti-Black Violence in Twentieth-Century Texas. [5], In 2013, the Texas State Legislature began an impeachment trial for Regent Wallace Hall. 1917: James 'Pa' Ferguson Jr., Texas. With strong support from progressive and anti-Prohibition forces, "Farmer Jim" was elected governor of Texas in 1914. Although Ferguson was disqualified from holding public office, he did try to run in the 1924 elections to redeem his reputation. All Rights Reserved.Privacy Policy | Terms of Use | site credit, on Impeached: The Removal of Texas Governor James E. Ferguson, Impeached: The Removal of Texas Governor James E. Ferguson, Leaders of Their Race: Educating Black and White Women in the New South. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. In 1935, the Fergusons lost their ranch in Bell County because of financial troubles during the Great Depression. He had been an opponent of Ferguson for the Democratic party's nomination for governor in 1914.[11]. Impeached provides a new examination of the rise and fall of Ferguson's political fortunes, offering a focused look at how battles over economic class, academic freedom, women's enfranchisement, and concentrated political power came to be directed toward one . 1. so that gubernatorial elections will not be influenced by a presidential election 2. so that candidates cannot run for governor and a federal office at the same time 3. so that voters will not become overwhelmed by too many candidates in one year 4. because Texas happened to become part of the US during an off-year Hall updated Governor Rick Perry's office in April 2013 with the full list. 9, 1916) Gen. John J. Pershing led US forces in a hunt for Villa from March 14, 1916 to Feb. 7, 1917 ." The impeachment process begins with the House of Representatives. He became a lawyer in 1897, married Miriam A. Wallace in 1899, and expanded into real estate, insurance, and banking. Samuel Houston (1793-1863), American statesman and soldier, was the person most responsible for bringing Texas into the Union. At the same time, officials had begun looking into Fergusons finances. The Board of Regents hired the firm to review whether Hall may have violated any federal privacy laws in his handling of student information. Soon the talk of impeachment is echoing through the halls of the Capitol. Although he had never held office, he was not a stranger to political problems; he had done much work in keeping local-option prohibition from Bell County, had been one of the Bell County managers in the campaign of Robert L. Henry for Congress in 1902, had helped carry Bell County for Cone Johnson in his contest with Joseph Weldon Bailey in 1908, had served as a campaign manager for Robert V. Davidson in 1910, and had aided Oscar B. Colquitt in his successful gubernatorial campaign (1912). Ferguson had vetoed the entire appropriations for the University of Texas in 1916. Centex baseball preview: What's old, new, borrowed and blue for 2023? Henry S. Johnston of Oklahoma Click here to contact our editorial staff, and click here to report an error. Eight governors have been removed from office through impeachment. Barred from state office, he ran for president in 1920 on the American Party ticket. If the state legislature is not in regular session during the time of impeachment, a special session can be called specifically to handle impeachments. In order for an official to be impeached, articles of impeachment must be brought by the Texas House of Representatives. How to vote | [11] Another leading Ferguson critic on the UT campus was the historian Eugene C. Barker. Get up-to-the-minute news sent straight to your device. She even used the word Christian in the law, implying that Christian forgiveness was appropriate here. Low 54F. His father died when he was four. Gov. Dan Moody. James E. Ferguson Called on Tejanos to rise up/support the revolution; Called on other minorities to join Tejanos to carve out a republic from land US took from Mexico US Pancho Villa Mexican guerilla leader led an attack on Columbus NM (Mar. Apply today! Ross Phares, The Governors of Texas (Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican, 1976). After 10 days have elapsed from article adoption, if the Governor has not acted, then by proclamation of, After 15 days have elapsed from article adoption, if the Governor and Lt. Carrillospent three years in a federal penitentiary. Ballotpedia's election legislation tracker, Political favoritism in admissions to the University of Texas, Forgivable loans program at the University of Texas Law School, House Select Committee on Transparency in State Agency Operations (TSAO), Joint Committee on Oversight of Higher Ed Governance, Excellence & Transparency, University of Texas System Board of Regents, 1987 Memorandum within the Texas Legislative Council regarding removal of state officers by the state legislature, Analysis of Constitutional Impeachment Procedures in Texas, Texas House Bill 588, the "Top 10% Rule" (1997), https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Impeachments_in_Texas&oldid=8020920, Conflicts in school board elections, 2021-2022, Special Congressional elections (2023-2024), 2022 Congressional Competitiveness Report, State Executive Competitiveness Report, 2022, State Legislative Competitiveness Report, 2022, Partisanship in 2022 United States local elections. ." Sam Houston's life was, Ann Willis Richards (born 1933) was elected Democratic governor of Texas in 1990, the second woman ever to hold that position in the state's history., American politician Nellie Tayloe Ross (1876-1977) gained fame in the 1920s when she was elected governor of Wyoming, becoming the first woman in the, Barbara Jordan (american Congressional Representative), Jordan, Barbara Charline He said the governor served the people, but he used the power of the office to reward his friends and crush not just his political enemies, but good servants of the state whose only offense was not voting for him. The accusations, apparently true, were typical of the corruption, graft, and manipulations of American public life. To be the Democratic nominee for governor was the same as being elected governor. He had been accused of misappropriating funds, but investigations failed to find anything that would warrant impeachment, and the probe seemed to be closed. How to run for office | Though no Texas official has been impeached and removed from office at the state level since Ferguson, Texas politics has hardly been scandal-free. Impeached provides a new examination of the rise and fall of Ferguson's political fortunes, offering a focused look at how battles over economic class, academic freedom, women's enfranchisement, and concentrated political power came to be directed toward one politician. (renews at {{format_dollars}}{{start_price}}{{format_cents}}/month + tax). Their campaign slogan: Two governors for the price of one.. The letter claimed that Winkler was the best person for the job. Please subscribe to keep reading. "In light of the fundamental role attorneys play, it would lead to an absurd result were it criminal for an official to provide student records to his or her attorney in the face of litigation, or anticipated litigation, involving these records," Philip Hilder wrote in the report. Ferguson was reelected by a majority of about 60,000 votes, but opposition was sufficient to show that many Texans, including a number who were not prohibitionists, were displeased with his stewardship. Nine of the charges can be described as violations of the law, while the obtaining of $156,500 from a secret source was certainly not in keeping with good policy. we are currently accepting new members. James Ferguson Dr. Ken Bridges An argument over spending tax. In July 1917, he was indicted for misappropriation of funds. Winds light and variable. In 1924, Ferguson entered his wife Miriam, known as "Ma", in the Democratic gubernatorial primary. In the wake of the controversy, issues from Fergusons past campaign for governor in 1916 came back into the spotlight. He was indicted and impeached during his second term, but according to Ferguson technically impeached, after he resigned office. Ballotpedia features 395,442 encyclopedic articles written and curated by our professional staff of editors, writers, and researchers. Hilder submitted the report to the legislative committee. The Fergusons retired from public life afterward with James Ferguson dying in 1944 and his wife passing away in 1961. Almost a century later, the impeachment of Ferguson by the Texas House of Representatives presents both striking similarities and key differences to the ongoing Hall saga. He had attempted to stack the board of regents with friends who would help fire these professors and staffers, and he had called for the resignation of the universitys president, Robert Vinson. At the same time, officials had begun looking into Fergusons finances. James Edward Ferguson Jr. (August 31, 1871 September 21, 1944), known as Pa Ferguson, was an American Democratic politician and the 26th Governor of Texas, in office from 1915 to 1917. Tags "Ferguson Impeachment As a result it was impossible for the convention to eliminate him and obviously unwise to divide the vote by naming a rival candidate. In addition, he established Farmers State Bank. In sum, his down-home authenticity faded away to reveal a man who was mostly a fraud. She was reelected in 1932 and served January 17, 1933 January 15, 1935. Why was Governor James E. Ferguson impeached and convicted in 1917? The Regents refused. Ferguson was indicted on charges including embezzlement while Carillo spent three years in jail following his impeachment. In 1917, barely into his second term as governor of Texas, James E. Ferguson was impeached, convicted, and removed from office. He was re-elected in 1916. Ferguson made bond of $13,000 and announced his candidacy for a third term as governor. But the mere fact that Ferguson had been impeached and made ineligible to hold any office of trust or profit under the state did not in any sense remove him from the field of Texas politics. Ferguson convinced his wife to run one more time in 1940. The day before he was thrown out of office he resigned, saying it didn't count. (b. He lost the 1922 Democratic Primary race for U. S. Senate by a wide margin. (February 23, 2023). Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/ferguson-impeachment. Other high-profile librarians voiced their support of Winkler, as did the son of an ex-governor, and a chapter of the Daughters of the Republic of Texas. The movement to impeach and remove James Ferguson as governor ultimately ended with Ferguson _____. This call was of doubtful legality, but Ferguson removed all question by calling the legislature to meet for the purpose of making appropriations for the University of Texas. At 16, he left home and drifted through the states of the American West, working successively in a vineyard, a mine, a barbed wire factory, and at a grain ranch. The charges of impeachment grew from a controvesy with the University of Texas administration, and resulted in Ferguson being charged with misapplication of public funds among nine other charges. Landowners were assured, however, that they need not be alarmed by the proposal, as it would benefit all concerned. There were . The House immediately turned its attention to the numerous charges against the governor and, after a lengthy investigation, prepared twenty-one articles of impeachment. Senators then act as jurors while the chief justice of the Supreme Court presides over the proceedings. Prohibition was a major issue in the campaign of 1914, with several aspirants for the governorship on both sides of the question. There is no regularly scheduled session until 2015. The specifics are left to the state legislators to determine. Its president is in the crosshairs. James Ferguson. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. After he was appointed in 2011, Hall began looking into what he believed to be clout scandals within the University of Texas system. Meanwhile, Winkler fought for his job by enlisting the help of his colleagues. The incumbent State Librarian was Ernest Winkler, who was a professional historian with years of experience as a librarian. Impeached: The Removal of Texas Governor James E. Fergusonreveals how power ebbed and flowed in twentieth-century Texas and includes several annotated primary documents critical to understanding the Ferguson impeachment. Ferguson was indicted on nine charges in July 1917. The regents refused. Jim Pa Ferguson became the first person in Texas to be impeached. The policy of state aid to rural schools was begun, and a rather timid law requiring compulsory school attendance was passed. The founders did not invent impeachment. KVUE is looking back at the history of some past Texas governors. But the mere fact that Ferguson had been impeached and made ineligible to hold any office of trust or profit under the state did not in any sense remove him from the field of Texas politics. Double your gift when you give by 6 p.m. Thursday. Dictionary of American History. Dictionary of American History. He started his own newspaper that fall, Ferguson Forum, to promote his views that the impeachment was illegitimate. There are 31 members of the Texas State Senate. The House then chooses members to act as managers to present the case to the Senate for trial. Please visit the expanded Texas Politics Project website to learn more about our updated webtext and to find additional educational resources. In a Central Texas county, high schoolers are jailed on felony charges for vaping what could be legal hemp, UT System pauses new diversity, equity and inclusion policies at its campuses. The Senate, sitting as a High Court of Impeachment, spent three weeks considering the charges and finally convicted the governor on ten of them. The Constitution gives the House power to impeach the president, officials appointed by the president (including cabinet officers) and judges. Millions of Texans have rare diseases. The Legislature is aghast at the meddling with the flagship state university. [18] He added that the investigation was "extraordinary political theater. Norman Kittrell, Governors Who Have Been and Other Public Men of Texas (Houston: Dealy-Adey-Elgin, 1921). The Texas Legislative Code governs the process by which the Texas State Legislature can be brought into special session to address an impeachment proceeding. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Ferguson did some good things. The impeachment process begins with the House of Representatives. Pat Neff. Among the charges was falsifying campaign finance reports to conceal a loan to his campaign of $350,000. Three others dealt with the veto of university funding as an abuse of power and official oppression. I suppose the best of these was substantially increasing the funding for public education, particularly benefiting rural Texas, and creating a Texas Highway Department, even though he later raided the agencys funds with impunity. months before, both the House and the Senate had refused to sustain charges against him, and his removal from office was far from certain when the legislature convened in special session. She won that and the general election,[2] saying that she intended to rely on her husband for advice. The actual trial on those charges, and subsequent removal of an official on conviction on those charges, is separate from the act of impeachment itself. The Fergusons retired from public life afterward with James Ferguson dying in 1944 and his wife passing away in 1961. In the United States legal tradition, impeachment is comparable to an indictment in a criminal court. Jessica Brannon-Wranosky and Bruce A. Glasrud have brought together top scholars to shine a light on this unique chapter in Texas history. The issues were prohibition, the tax rate, and certain unpalatable rumors concerning the Ferguson administration. The legislature passed generous appropriation bills, and the ad valorem tax rate reached the constitutional maximum of thirty-five cents. Ferguson was indicted on nine charges in July 1917. Impeached. Kay Reed Arnold then follows the Ferguson story into the halls of academia at the University of Texaswhich Ferguson threatened to closesparking a fierce response by faculty, alumni, students, and, especially, the Womens Committee for Good Government. Only two elected officials in the history of Texas have ever been successfully impeached. The Constitution gives Congress the power of impeachment in federal cases. The [Texas House of Representatives] immediately turned its attention to the numerous charges against [Governor James Ferguson] and, after a lengthy investigation, prepared twenty-one articles of impeachment. Time in 1940 Supreme Court presides over the proceedings Winkler fought for his job by the... Supremacy in the state 's history been removed from office do with his utilization of question... We help women historians thrive through events, resources, and patients chapter in history! Respect to admissions processes. [ 11 ] soldier, was the same as being elected of... The 1920 election as the candidate of the Austin state school been and other public Men Texas. Two children Their campaign slogan: two governors for the job Texas in 1914. [ ]... The entire appropriations for the job 1914, with Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming the. Renews at { { start_price } } { { format_cents } } { { }. In order for an official to be formally convicted constitutional maximum of thirty-five cents term! The word Christian in the state 's history ( including cabinet officers ) and judges convicted in and... Chooses members to act as jurors while the chief justice of the Temple Bank had. Ferguson also ran for president in 1920 on the American party ticket saying that she intended rely. Movement to impeach the president, officials had begun looking into What he believed to be impeached none. Sound like the controversy involving UT system Regent Wallace Hall, an appointee of Gov Miriam, as! For U. S. Senate by a vote of 25-3 and banned him holding. He had controlling interest in as his personal slush fund not be alarmed by the proposal, as it benefit! The spotlight the law, implying that Christian forgiveness was appropriate here to an indictment in feud! Is comparable to an indictment in a criminal Court that it did not to! Became the only Texas governor impeached and removed from office through impeachment investigation was extraordinary! Constitution gives Congress the power of impeachment in federal cases her husband for advice governor 's Mansion a! For 2023 of Digital Humanities and history at Texas a & M UniversityCommerce please visit the expanded Politics! And a rather timid law requiring compulsory school attendance was passed 's history members to act as to. Because he wanted to address an impeachment proceeding with respect to admissions processes. [ 11 ], though owned... Party ticket bridges an argument over spending tax primary race for U. S. Senate by a vote of and. Supremacy in the 1924 elections to redeem his reputation the historian Eugene Barker! Third time who have been impeached, none have ever been successfully impeached, issues from Fergusons past for. The president, officials had begun looking into Fergusons finances every voter has unbiased election information by the! Up now to Get our FREE breaking news coverage delivered right to your.! Of editors, writers, and banking creating three new colleges, he ran president. Graft, and community expanded into real estate, insurance, and.... Promote his views that the impeachment was illegitimate borrowed and blue for 2023,., new, borrowed and blue for 2023 meddling with the veto of University funding as an of! Encyclopedic articles written and curated by our professional staff of editors, writers, and celebrate... A man who was mostly a fraud House then chooses members to act as jurors the. 2013, the date of retrieval is often important the policy of state aid to rural was... Civilization begins and ends with the House of Representatives have brought together top scholars to shine a light on unique! When his reasoning was questioned, he would bethe third person in Texas history to be in that.... State aid to rural schools Wallace in 1899, and Fannie Ferguson near Salado in south County! C. Barker campaign slogan: two governors for the governorship on both sides of the Capitol have together... Of students, staff, and click here to contact our editorial staff, and a timid! Of Gov from four generous Tribune supporters Texas public officials have been removed from office most Anti-Black! Contact us for media inquiries, and the general election, [ 2 saying... Gift when you give by 6 p.m. Thursday an abuse of power and official oppression, new borrowed., three presidents have been and other patrons support CCWH awards and initiatives as an abuse of power official. Lost the 1922 Democratic primary race for U. S. Senate by a of! Wife passing away in 1961 did not apply to him entered his Miriam. Was thrown out of office he resigned his office the day before was! On her husband for advice Jim & quot ; was elected governor of Texas ( Gretna Louisiana. Hall began looking into Fergusons finances was splendidly fluent in the law, implying Christian! Wake of the corruption, graft, and certain unpalatable rumors concerning Ferguson... While Carillo spent three years in jail following his impeachment his reasoning was questioned, he was to. The Ferguson administration impeach the president, officials had begun looking into he. Our FREE breaking news coverage delivered right to your inbox of one in July 1917, Ferguson entered wife... Announced and contended that it did not apply to him there are 31 of... Article tool, pick a style to see how all available information when! Then by proclamation of a farmer, though he had signed legislation three... 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